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How To Write The Methods Section Of A Research Paper

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How To Write The Methods Section Of A Research Paper

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Research Paper Writing Service By Pro Writers

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The Writing Center

The Writing Center On the premise of this thesis statement and description, begin writing, even pieces, as soon as you've sufficient information to begin. Do not wait until you've filled all of the research gaps. If you run into smaller analysis questions simply mark the textual content with a searchable image. Write a preliminary thesis assertion, expressing what you believe your main argument will be. Sketch out a broad define that indicates the construction â€" details and subpoints or your argument because it seems presently. Until this level, it is irrelevant, because you’ve only been specializing in the logical construction of your story. However, earlier than you begin writing, you want to be sure to are writing for a specific audience, and write for them. This is as a result of totally different venues have totally different expectations, which you’d like to meet. There are whole books that are listings of different books on explicit subjects. There are specialised indexes of journal articles. Reference Librarians would love that will help you learn to use these research tools. It pays to browse in the reference room at the library and poke into the guides which are on the shelves. As your analysis paper takes form you will find that you need background on individuals, locations, events, etc. I advocate google docs until there are numerous equations, by which case I suggest overleaf. In both case, you need folks to have the ability to remark simply immediately on the draft, in real time, as to avoid the potential for collisions. This is, of course, actually true, since you are constructing on this work, and your work would probably not even be potential without the work you're citing. If you might be utilizing Google docs, I advocate utilizing the Paperpile “Add-On”. Choose the actual journal/convention you may be submitting to. Last but not least, cut out unnecessary verbiage and wordiness. At this point you must define your paper freshly. Mark up your first draft, ask robust questions whether your argument is evident and whether or not the order during which you current your points is efficient! You must write conceptually a new paper at this level, even when you should use paragraphs and particularly quotes, factual information within the new draft. The “second draft” is a totally re-thought and rewritten model of your paper. Prior to sending it to anyone, make a neighborhood copy, so they can’t screw it up . Learn how to write by studying how to structure a paper and Writing Science . You at the moment are able to examine for primary rules of excellent writing. This is when you need to check the diction, that's, the accuracy and suitability of words. Check that the beginning of your paper is fascinating for the reader. You cannot depend on an excellent research paper coming from browsing on one shelf on the library. A actually pertinent book may be hidden in another part of the library as a result of classification quirks. The Readers’ Guide (Ref. A13 .R4) is not the one source for journal articles, nor the cardboard catalog for books. Do not simply rely on some common survey for all of your background. Check the a number of good dictionaries of biography for background on individuals, or see if there's a standard guide-size biography. If you are dealing with a legal matter examine into the background of the judges who make the court docket decision and the circumstances surrounding the unique incident or legislation. Try looking for public opinions in newspapers of the time. However, many scientists wrestle with producing high-high quality manuscripts and are usually untrained in paper writing. Focusing on how readers eat info, we present a set of ten easy rules that will help you communicate the main concept of your paper. These rules are designed to make your paper extra influential and the method of writing more environment friendly and pleasurable. Make certain you could have sufficiently cited the literature to put your work in context. For conferences, it's typical to have about 1 page of citations (10-20). Recall, the authors of these papers are likely to be the reviewers and readers for this paper. So, it is important that you highlight all of the necessary work, and say how nice it's.

Annotated bibliography/Reading writers Journal - 1375 Words

Annotated bibliography/Reading writers Journal (Coursework Sample) Content: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY/READING WRITERS JOURNAL Name: Institutional Affiliation: PART 1 Annotated Bibliography/Reading Writers Journal The aspect of sustainable farming has seen the inclusion of innovative technologies that aid in the production and distribution of food. Currently, food can be grown on rooftops and in community gardens including anywhere that farmers can find space. Innovation in farming and agriculture is an element that runs across food spectrums. It is consequently necessary to ascertain that the inclusion of technology in farming has revolutionized the manner in which food is grown and distributed, with several projects currently basing their focus on sustainably produced food. Agricultural entrepreneurs are committed to ensuring food independence, both for the rural residents and city dwellers, thus depicting the reasons why farming is not limited to technological developments. This annotated bibliography and reading journal seeks to determine the manner in which innovative technologies are revolutionizing the agricultural sector. Potential Publication Venues 1 e Journals * Ainembabazi, J. H., Mugisha, J. (2014). The Role of Farming Experience on the Adoption of Agricultural Technologies: Evidence from Smallholder Farmers. Journal of Development Studies, 50(5), 666-679. doi:10.1080/00220388.2013.874556. Retrieved From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=96105102site=ehost-live As detailed in this journal, there is a relationship in the adoption and experience in the use of agricultural technologies in farming, a study that is established through the use of estimations of data from rural farmers. The author confirms the need to incorporate farming experiences that are integral during the early stages of technological adoptions in testing the potential benefits which determine the retention of these approaches over a period. The inclusion of technological components remains important in the retention of farmers is sustaining agriculture. * Ashok, K. R., Sasikala, C. (2012). Farmers' Vulnerability to Rainfall Variability and Technology Adoption in Rain-fed Tank Irrigated Agriculture. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 25(2), 267-278. Retrieved From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=92536945site=ehost-live The increases in temperature and the variability in precipitation within semi-arid areas are established as some of the reasons for reduced crop yields, an aspect that has increased the vulnerability of farmers. However, the adoption of technology remains essential in coping with the variability in rainfall, with the determinants of technological adoptions resulting in the development of irrigation approaches in agriculture. As a result of this, it is important to ascertain that the adoption of technologies has influenced to a significant extent, the extension of land tenure and services, thus establishing the need to develop effective policies in the use of technologies in agriculture in semi-arid areas. 2 Print Journals * Manzoor Hussain, M., Khan, K., Muhammad Yasir, A., Khan, G., Muhammad Abdul, K. (2015). Impediments to Technology Adoption: A Case Study of Peach Production in District Swat, Pakistan. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 9(2), 226-242. As detailed by this author, the inclusion of advanced technologies in agriculture remains an important aspect of increasing crop yields and agricultural output. However, the dominance of technology in the agricultural sector has some elements that affect the management and adoption of these aspects. For instance, particular economies such as Pakistan remain susceptible to access advanced technological innovations in agriculture. This aspect is attributed to the limitations in credit funds, the lack of improved verities in the adoption of efficient technologies, increasing costs of fertilizers, and the lack of proper information, an aspect that is addressed by this journal. * Konjoian, P. (2014). The Evolution Of Agriculture: Urban Expansion Is A New Frontier. GPN: Greenhouse Product News, 24(10), 24-28. Retrieved From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=101647703site=ehost-live One of the primary environmental elements that drive plant growth and photosynthesis include light, an aspect that is challenging for farmers to recreate. Currently, the agricultural sector has seen the development of technologies that cool and heat greenhouses in a bid to provide optimal humidity and growing temperatures that help in the growth of farm products. On the other hand, the use of irrigation technologies remains an aspect that complements natural rainfall, thus serving as a sole source of water for in-doors farming. The author, therefore, presents proof that validates the essence of technology in agriculture as an essential element that provides farmers with the opportunity to create farms inside warehouses; an aspect that has highly boosted the urban agricultural industry. 3 Sources to Follow * NyyssÃÆ' ¶lÃÆ' ¤, M., PirttilÃÆ' ¤, J., SandstrÃÆ' ¶m, S. (2014). Technology Adoption And Food Security In Subsistence Agriculture - Evidence From A Group-Based Aid Project In Mozambique. Finnish Economic Papers, 27(1), 1-33. Retrieved From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=109299775site=ehost-live This journal evaluates the impact of technological interventions in improving farming techniques that result in food security in Gaza. Several farming households in Gaza use no technological inputs in farming including irrigational technologies. As detailed by this author, few farmers use pesticides and fertilizers, while none consider the use of extension services. Considering that the agricultural sector supports the economy of Gazaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s population, the growth of productivity in farming is essential in improving the welfare of the people in Gaza. The author conducts a study in exploring the impact of technological interventions in facilitating farming, with the aim of improving subsistence farming in this economy. * Martynchuk, M. (2014). Innovative Technology in Agriculture As A Component Of Environmental Management. Management Theory Studies for Rural Business Infrastructure Development, 36(2/3), 363-371. Retrieved From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=96579259site=ehost-live The Inclusion of innovative technologies within the contemporary agricultural sector remains effective instruments in the incorporation of ecological management within the agricultural sector. This journal establishes the ecological consequences of using agro-innovations. One of the essential elements that guarantee efficient agribusiness and management of nature include the implementation and development of innovative technologies. Through this, farmers are in a position to popularize the process of agro innovation in actually managing the environment and agriculture. PART 2 Reading Journal Title of the Journal: The Role of Farming Experience on the Adoption of Agricultural Technologies Date of Entry: 25TH September 2016 Page Numbers: 666-670 An interesting aspect that this journal captures is the relationship that exists and the experiences that are gained by farmers in using agricultural technologies in farming. As established in this journal, the author justifies the need for incorporating and adopting technologies in determining their potential in increasing crop yields. In a nutshell, one of the essential elements that catch my attention is in the manner in which the author identifies the impotence of technology in retaining sustainable agriculture, an aspect that increases crop yields. Title of the Journal: Farmers' Vulnerability to Rainfall Variability and Technology Adoption in Rain-fed Tank Irrigated Agriculture. Date of Entry: 25TH September 2016 Page Numbers: 268-272 On the other hand, it is important to establish that this journal details the manner in which temperature increments and inconsistencies in precipitation affect crop yields. This clearly denotes the need to adopt technology in enhance the processes of agriculture in a bid to cope with the limitations experienced by farmers in regards to inconsistent precipitation and temperatures. Title of the Journal: Impediments to Technology Adoption Date of Entry: 26th September 2016 Page Numbers: 226-240 This journal captivates my view since it seeks to determine the impact of technological advancements in agriculture. On the other hand, the author details the manner in which the dominance of technology within the agricultural sector affects the management and adaptation of farming. Particular economies consequently remain prevalent in accessing technological advancements to boost their agricultural outputs. As a result of this, increasing costs of fertilizers, and the lack of proper information, an aspect that is addressed by this journal. Title of the Journal: Urban Expansion Is a New Frontier Date of Entry: 26th September 2016 Page Numbers: 25-28 As detailed in this journal, several environmental aspects establish the element of plant growth and photosynthesis. These factors include light, an element that has proved challenging for farmers to innovate. However, farmers have been in a position to develop technologies that heat greenhouses and regulate the temperatures with the aim of providing optimal growing temperatures for crops. This establishes the essence of technology in enhancing agriculture. Title of the Journal: Technology Adoption And Food Security In Subsistence Agriculture - Evidence From A Group-Based Aid Project In Mozambique. Dat...

The Qualities Of An Anglo Saxon Hero - 1014 Words

Bravery. Honor. Intelligence. Loyalty. Sense of Duty. Selflessness. Sense of Justice. Strength. Boasting. These are the common characteristics of an Anglo-Saxon hero. Anglo-Saxon heroes display some or all of these attributes, which help distinguish them as a hero. Much like Batman and Superman or other heros of modern day, Anglo-Saxon heroes protect the public against evil foes, or perhaps Villains. They act courageously and selflessly, without seeking personal gain. Also, they possess an overwhelming sense of duty to protect those in need. Furthermore, Superheros are loyal to those they serve, whether it be their lord, or the Lord. With all these characteristics in mind, the character of Beowulf can clearly be seen as an Anglo-Saxon hero. Specifically, his overwhelming bravery, loyalty, and sense of duty establish him as an Anglo-Saxon hero. First of all, Beowulf is the pure embodiment of bravery. A man who â€Å"drove five great giants into chains, chased all of that race from th e earth†, and also â€Å"swam in the blackness of night, hunting monsters out of the ocean and killing them one by one†, is clearly the bravest man alive, bar none. Furthermore, even before he slayed Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the Dragon, Beowulf already had a reputation as one of the bravest men in the word. Then, while battling the three beasts we witness in Beowulf, he further shows his bravery by killing Grendel with nothing but â€Å"the strength in his fingers.† After that, he swims down throughShow MoreRelatedComparing Beowulf, The Wanderer, And The 13th Warrior1731 Words   |  7 Pagesalways reappears is What is an epic hero? Or better yet an epic hero in Anglo Saxon culture. I believe there is more to being a hero than just being strong or intelligent. An epic hero in my eyes is oneself who comes to portray the beliefs of the society in which the tale/story is depicted. A few great examples of the Anglo Saxon epic hero are the literary characters in Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The 13th Warrior. These are all outstanding examples of Anglo-Saxon epic heroes because they all cameRead MoreThe Dream of the Rood: An Outstanding Archetype of Christian Influence on Anglo-Saxon Heroism1158 Words   |  5 Pagesexample of Christian influence upon Anglo-Saxon heroism. It is a religious short story that recounts the crucifixion of Christ communicated from Christ’s rood to an unnamed visionary. The crucifixion of Christ is depicted as the ul timate act of heroism. However, it is via Anglo-Saxon tradition that Christian ideology manages to influence the definition and imagery of Anglo-Saxon heroism. In â€Å"The Dream of the Rood† Christ is an Anglo-Saxon hero. An Anglo-Saxon hero is valiant, strong or mighty and notRead MoreBeowulf : Characteristics Of An Epic Hero978 Words   |  4 Pages20/11/17 Beowulf: Characteristics of an Epic Hero In Anglo-Saxon literature and culture, to be considered a hero was to also be considered a warrior/ soldier. To be a hero, you had to not only be strong but you also had to be smart, and have plenty of courage. These warriors were willing to face any type of trials and tribulations at any odd. These types of heroic warriors would fight to the death to obtain glory and save their people. The Anglo-Saxon hero needed to possess all of these characteristicsRead MoreBeowulf: Epic Hero Essay example961 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf: Epic Hero An epic hero, an Anglo-Saxon hero, a modern-day hero; A hero is is often defined by certain qualities, looked upon traits. We have heroes amongst our lives everyday, from saving a life to simply helping someone out. In the epic poem, â€Å"Beowulf†, Beowulf was the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. The Anglo-Saxon code reflects much of the code of Chivalry, the code of the Samurai, to the modern-day code of just doing good. He embodied courage, honesty, loyalty, and muchRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero978 Words   |  4 Pagesthat exudes the qualities of an epic hero. Throughout this epic, Beowulf is seen as a hero to many and a major threat to the evils he encounters. The values of the Anglo-Saxons, who would have read and admired this poem, included loyalty, bravery, and honor. Beowulf’s character exemplifies all of these qualities to the highest degree. The values and traditions of the original composers of this story cause Beowulf’s character to be the perfect example of an Anglo-Saxon epic hero. There areRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare977 Words   |  4 Pagesto the culture’s values and traits that are noble to them. Beowulf, as an epic hero, is a direct representation of the ideal man as seen through Anglo-Saxon eyes. In looking at the poem Beowulf and analyzing the characteristics of the epic hero, it will become evident the desired attributes that were desired in the Anglo-Saxon culture: physical strength, pride, bravery, selflessness, and loyalty. An epic hero is a person that is admired for great achievements and inspires great events. Read MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero894 Words   |  4 Pagesmake a great epic hero. Throughout his lifetime he displayed several characteristics such as honor, bravery, physical superiority, leadership, and glory. These characteristics all formed how the Anglo-Saxons believed one should live their life. Along with the valorous deeds that Beowulf accomplished he is considered to be a prime example of an epic hero. Beowulf would have even been considered a model human to the Anglo-Saxons due to how he consistently demonstrated these qualities. Beowulf demonstratedRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero930 Words   |  4 Pages The story of Beowulf shows its reader many characteristics of why this Anglo-Saxon poem is an epic. First of all, Beowulf is a warrior of epic renown by the time he formally introduces himself in the poem. Next, Beowulf is the warrior that many strive to be in life. In addition, Beowulf finds himself tackling many quests that involve dangerous beasts, or as he might call them, demons. The next quality shown by Beowulf is his bravery and honor. The reader is able to easily identify this characteristicRead More Epic of Beowulf Essay1033 Words   |  5 Pageswriter incorporated many of the ideals of the Anglo-Saxons. Some of these ideals included loyalty, bravery, selflessness, and justice and were demonstrated in the hero. Both the characters Beowulf and Grendel represent aspects of both good and evil, Christianity and Paganism, and what occurs when they collide with one another. A characteristic of an epic poem is the concern over struggles that humans face, which is presented i n a serious manner. The hero often embodies the religious, national, andRead MoreCritique Analysis Of Beowulf753 Words   |  4 PagesCritique Paper – Beowulf In the epic Beowulf, the main character Beowulf possesses all the qualities of a hero during the Anglo Saxon Era. He demonstrates his courage, loyalty, wisdom, and strength but are these qualities enough to consider him a hero by the standards of today? Beowulf has qualities that strong heroes have but didnt struggle to get them because he was born with it. He has many adventures, like fighting Grendel and other monstrous creatures but was very sure of himself. He was

Racial Profiling And The African American Community

When it comes to the African American community in the United States, the identifying term Nigger is one that has many meanings, but no matter the meaning, its use is usually met with controversy (The Racial Slur Database Nigger). Kaffir is a South African identifying term that also refers to those of African descent, and of a darker skin tone, and is filled with the same social controversy (The Racial Slur Database Kaffir). Two articles found on the internet, one from Florida and one from South Africa, bring to light when these terms have been used in a derogatory manner and their use has resulted in the loss of someone’s job. From yesterday to today, the terms Nigger and Kaffir are harmful slurs that need to be fixed though the coming together of society. Racial slurs can have great cultural impact, but their origins are not always widely known. The term Nigger is widely believed to come from the Latin word for black, niger, and no matter’s origin, it has been used as a derogatory slur used against those of African descent by Whites in the United States (The Racial Slur Database Nigger). The term was used throughout the history of American slavery and is filled with hate and oppression, and it has few, if any, places in modern U.S. society. Kaffir is a similar term that identifies Black Africans in South Africa, it came to popularity during the country’s era of apartheid (The Racial Slur Database Kaffir), and has its origins in the Arabic term Kafir that in itself isShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling And The African American Community Essay2673 Words   |  11 PagesThe African-American community has endured a notable amount of troublesome tribulations, primarily in cultural identity. The wide array of challenges that minorities undergo when classifying a specific race is illogical, and rather insane. The struggle, hassle, and strain placed on minorities for embracing their identity will continuously be stereotyped or judged by a non-oppre ssed individual, or better yet our modern society. The ongoing list of imperfections a minority is labeled with when classifyingRead MoreProfessional Racism and Discrimination1117 Words   |  5 Pagesrace as a basis to catch criminals. Racial profiling is the use of race or ethnicity as grounds for believing an individual is suspicious of committing a crime. Discriminatory or abusive behavior towards people of color affects the justice system and violates people’s human rights. The LAPD continues to use racial profiling against mostly African-Americans and Latinos. The use of racial profiling by the LAPD prevents the police from serving the whole community. Because of the LAPD’s neglect towardsRead MoreRacial Profiling Against African Americans1614 Words   |  7 PagesIs Racial Profiling Justified Racial Profiling Against African Americans Racial profiling is simply, â€Å"the unlawful police practice of using race, color, or ethnic background, as the reason for conducting a traffic stop on an individual.† (Michigan Civil Rights Commission) This definition can be extended to any kind of discrimination mainly based on myths and stereotypes towards a certain race or ethnicity. However, the term racial profiling is commonly used when a police officer or anyRead MoreRacial Discrimination And The Criminal Justice System1725 Words   |  7 PagesRacial discrimination is defines as racism that implicates the credence in racial differences, which acts as a justification for non-equal treatment of members of that race. Also, this paper will be focusing on the race industry within the criminal justice system in all level law enforcement, courts and court system. Racial discrimination can be researched back in history its leading enablers take it as undisputable that the African American community has the high est number of incarceration ratesRead MoreThe Killing Of Two Young Men905 Words   |  4 Pagesattention building about the killing of two young men, Trayvon Martin, was a 17-year-old African American from Miami Gardens, Florida, who was fatally shot by George Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer, in Sanford, Florida. and Michael Brown an unarmed black male shot by a police officers in Ferguson Missouri. These u that sparked and outrage in the African American communities. There are a lot of African American people who feel that the killings were unjust and not justified. There have been manyRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Black Communities1220 Words   |  5 PagesRacial Profiling and the many Problems that Arise from It Racial profiling is still an ongoing issue that occurs and such an issue has led to many problems for the minority groups of this country. Whether it be African Americans, Indians, Asians, Mexicans, or Muslims, all have faced profiling at some point in time. The problems caused by this controversial subject include the impending distrust between black communities and law enforcement, unfair treatment towards all minorities by law enforcementRead MoreRacism Is Not As Cruel Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesvery start till the now. African-Americans or any minority of different racial groups face several challenges in their everyday life, like the difference in income, education, health, and criminal justice. This essay will outline the main problems of racism that still occur in the community of African-Americans, particularly focusing on racial profiling, shooting of unarmed black citizens and different criminal justice that has been unfairly justified. Racial profiling is the practice of law enforcementRead MoreRacial Profiling And The American Society1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of racial profiling is very prominent in our American society. I witness accounts of it every day, whether it is while going through an airport, reading about crime, and it’s heavily influenced within the world of politics. Racial profiling is a way for law enforcement to target certain individuals that are suspected of committing a crime. This involves race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, etc. The act of racial profiling allows law enforcement to alienate certain communities, which, in turnRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1465 Words   |  6 PagesRacial Profiling Racial Profiling is just what it is. Targeting individuals for suspicion of a violation determined by the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. Race and location are the supreme characteristics law enforcement visually examine when engaging in this type of profiling. African-American males are the primary victims of racial profiling in the United States. The phrase â€Å"driving while black† derive from African Americans protesting that they are pulled over by policeRead MoreEssay on Criminal Profiling1253 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal profiling is one of few first things to think of when it comes to forensic psychology. Criminal profiling is featured in popular television shows such as in Law and Order and CSI. Often in those shows, the police officers were able to catch the criminals based on the criminal profile that forensic psychologists came up with. In a theory, the polices rely on criminal profiling to catch criminals, educate the public about a possible criminal, and confirm the witnesses’ accounts. Criminal

Trend in Global Business & Environment-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Trends in the Global Business Environment. Answer: Introduction This summary focuses on Beyond Automation, a study done by the Oxford University on advancing the automation. This will attract knowledge workers to visit and see the smart machines (Boehm and Thomas 2013.) The collaborators and the partners act as the problem solving members. Machines have made the human life easier over the years. There have been three eras of automation since the 19th century. This study has also shows the importance of augmentation. Machines act as a substitution of human labor. Automation insured the increase in productivity and raise in income or earnings. The significance of this study is that it highlights on a factor, which states that smart machines, or by the method of automation help in resolving problems. Computers are one of the most developed machines which has helped in the progress and increase of productivity. Getting augmentation in work employees needs to be convinced that the combination of humans and computers are better than manual. Beyond Auto mation deals with the usage of smart technology which will change the mindset of the future. Body In this study of Beyond Automation, it conducts the advancement of automation and technology. The study talks about how human labor can be demolished with the help of automation (Stocker and Shaheen 2017). Machines and technology will change the production level of the companies. The important finding of this study states that generation of today should go beyond automation. Traditionally, a large proportion of population is still dependent on human labor. Although the motive of automation is to get rid of human labor and take a grip of the recent developments in technology. Beyond Automation identified the benefits of the human beings working with machines (Phillips 2017). It also focuses on augmentation. The theory of augmentation is to deepen the use of machines rather than diminish it. Usage of intelligent machines and other technology will make human beings do their jobs easily. It will lead to different outcomes and the positive ones. Strategies and steps were considered for th e development of new automatic technologies in the market. Employees of different professional background should love augmentation. Augmentation strategy helps every individual to perform his or her jobs without any difficulty. Naturally, this will make the enterprise enjoy success. Automation has made operations more efficient. Either a small or a large business, automation will always help the employees or workers work smoothly and efficiently deliver their work. The review identifies the latest innovation of the generation. Future role of humans clearly depends on machines (Groover 2016). However, some employees might say that they are leading the life of a robot. Working with machines cam make people feel so but they must overlook that and look at the brighter factors. When it comes to doing repetitive tasks, machines are highly useful. Therefore, smart machines are majorly used in industries. Industries do repetitive work every day. Cognitive technologies have been supporting h umans for centuries. This review also highlighted self awareness (McAfee and Brynjolfsson 2016). Machines have the ability to perform independently. Machines and computers have the power or ability to work beyond human levels of intelligence. Machines can analyze numbers, pictures and perform digital tasks. This is out of the capacity if a human being to perform all these tasks at the same time. Robotic process automation uses work flow business rules and technology to interface innumerous system like it was a human user. ATM (Automated Teller Machine) does the work of a robot. It is a popular banking technology, which has made the life of humans easy. This strategy will work in the long term for both the employers and the employees (Kelty 2014). By emphasizing augmentation, threat of automation can be diminished. Next level of encroachment involves the work that is highly augmented by software. Over the years, companies will develop solutions for programming and applications. There fore, the study of beyond automation focuses on the merits of it. It shows how automation and machines are applied in day-to-day lives. Humans and technologies will be working together in the future. Experts are modifying technologies. General The article of Beyond Automation consists of an idea that human beings should be made to work together. The ideas were linked together and were logical too. Automation was not invented on one fine day. It has been existing for three eras (MacCrory 2014). In the 19th Century, machines used to exist to take away the dirty and dangerous materials. Such industrial machines were invented to reduce manual or human labor. These special equipments can only be used in industries. This was the first era, which introduced the use of machinery in industries. The second era was known as the 20th century. Machines relieved humans from routine service transactions and clerical chores. The automated machines or equipments which were invented were used in call centers and airline kiosks. At that time, machines helped to take away the dullness of the work. Lastly, comes the third era. Third era is known as the 21st century. Machinery equipments had developed massively in the last two centuries. Theref ore, in the present century it was observed that machines takes away decisions (Dogan and Yildirim 2017). Like human beings, machines were also made smart intelligent systems. Humans completely rely on machines and they are fast. Although, machines do require the help of human beings when they are operated. This is how automation was originated. However, these ideas were put together in logical activities and they were a success as well. Economic recession to employment will reduce along with individual crisis. Smart machines have been making the lives of people easy since the 19th century (Fortunati, Esposito and Lugano 2015). The article focuses on the career strategies as to how automation is replacing many manual labors. Business Review has talked about the effects of automation in the generation and improved the quality of work at every workplace. Machines or automations on behalf of human beings also take decisions. From an augmentation view, people renegotiate their relations hip to machines and realign their contributions in different ways. Todays generation relies on technology for almost every activity they do. Automation has improved the lives of individuals. The merits of automation have convinced a large number of people in todays generation. This will also be useful, beneficial and improve the generation. However, the profitability of enterprises depends on the creativity of people (Grote, Weyer and Stanton 2014). Even if the whole process is controlled and done by machines, human beings also do some amount of work. Creativity in a work matters as it counts in the profit ratio. Employers have a tendency to consider people and machines as substitute goods. Automation means working like robots. Automated machines are equipments which does the operation and work of human beings with the consent of human beings. Now, humans are dependent on computerized software to get any kind of work done. Beyond automation deals with the scenario where there is pra ctically no existence of manual or human labor (Marsh 2017). This particular article or study of Harvard made the pros and cons of beyond automation very much evident to the writer and the reader. Discussion The discussion covers the concept of beyond motivation in the present century and generation (Bibel 2013). In an era of innovation, the focus has to be on people of the current generation who rely completely on technology and automation. Five Steps of Consideration There are five steps that are to be considered for adapting automation. Automation and technologies play a chief role in the performance of employees and workers in an organization or enterprise. The first step towards adapting automation is to step up. People who are capable of bigger jobs should grasp the concept of automation. This way employee can let the machines do the work and he can take advantage of the opportunity. Artificial intelligence is beneficial for every worker working in an enterprise. Stepping up will lead to gaining long education on automation. Knowledge workers will have access to the procedure of automation. They will also have interest in knowing the pattern and how the machines are being used. Another step for consideration is stepping aside. This means focusing on uncodifiable strengths. One should develop and respect the intelligence of the other person. Automated machineries help them to achieve things easily that can be done with the use of machines. The third step is stepping in. People who are capable of steeping in should know how to monitor and modify the work of computers. Audit reports and accounts are done with the help of the software and the computer. However, human beings are made to work on programming codes. Automated machines recognize applications and projects because they have that software. A lot of brain work is needed that cannot be codified. Step narrowly is the fourth step of consideration of beyond automation. This approach involves the benefit to those who have gained the benefit of formal education through the on job training. Human builds databases only. These databases are then connected to the automated machines to receive the desired outcome. The last step is stepping forward. It means educating the next generation about computing and other technological tools. Automated insurance solutions solve the problems of human. Human beings are in need of better systems to work with. Augmentation here means the use of something greater. In this context it states that human beings and machines are complement to each other as they work together. Benefits of Beyond Automation The most significant finding from this summary is that automation helps in the development and future of the present generation. This includes workplaces, industries, shops etc. Starting from industries to banks has developed the concept of automation. Automated machines in the banks have made the procedure of depositing and transacting easier and faster (Chui, Manyika and Miremadi 2015). This way both the employees of the bank and the customers are satisfied. Production of work at workplaces and industries has also increased. Machinery equipments have also developed over the years. Innovation on existing machineries and invention of automated machines has also been useful in almost every professional field. Automation will be highly beneficial for the present and future generation. Humans and computers working together will lead to greater production and services. This method is also cost efficient. There are plenty of merits of automation. Inventions that are beyond automation also exist for the development of the sectors. Businesses and other corporate enterprises have been benefitted with the theory or concept of human and computers working simultaneously (Heimbach, Kostyra and Hinz 2015). Automated machines have also benefitted individuals. The strategy will be helpful and beneficial in the end for both the employers and the employees. They must know how to use the smart machines while working. Manual and human labors are removed completely with the help of such concept (Onnasch 2015). Although, the concept of using automated machineries will give the feel of a robot Conclusion The strength of the research on the article of Beyond Automation is that it is a new method or invention to increase the production and development of the enterprises and of individuals. The weakness of this research states that the machines will not help to gain the profits of an enterprise. Human beings need to be creative and put effort on the assigned job. Effort of the machines will not fetch profit of the organization. Hence, both the computers and human beings working together will resolve the problems of the organization. The innovation will be beneficial for the development of the sectors. In general, this concept of beyond automation is worth the try. From the 19th centuries, machines have been acting as a savior to manual labor. In the 21st century, beyond automation has diminished the concept of manual labor completely and led to a better future. Bibliography: Boehm, M. and Thomas, O., 2013. Looking beyond the rim of one's teacup: a multidisciplinary literature review of Product-Service Systems in Information Systems, Business Management, and Engineering Design.Journal of Cleaner Production,51, pp.245-260. Philips, S., 2017. The future of research is intelligence augmentation.Research World,2017(65), pp.42-45. Britton, B.L. and Atkinson, D.G., 2016. An Investigation into the Significant Impacts of Automation in Asset Management.Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, p.393. Groover, M.P., 2016.Automation, production systems, and computer-integrated manufacturing. Pearson Education India. Chui, M., Manyika, J. and Miremadi, M., 2015. Four fundamentals of workplace automation.McKinsey Quarterly,29(3), pp.1-9. Onnasch, L., 2015. Benefits and costs of automation support: the role of function allocation and automation reliability. Bibel, W., 2013.Automated theorem proving. Springer Science Business Media. MacCrory, F., Westerman, G., Alhammadi, Y. and Brynjolfsson, E., 2014. Racing with and against the machine: changes in occupational skill composition in an era of rapid technological advance. Grote, G., Weyer, J. and Stanton, N.A., 2014. Beyond human-centred automationconcepts for humanmachine interaction in multi-layered networks. Heimbach, I., Kostyra, D.S. and Hinz, O., 2015. Marketing automation.Business Information Systems Engineering,57(2), pp.129-133. Kelty, C., 2014. Beyond copyright and technology: What open access can tell us about precarity, authority, innovation, and automation in the university today.Cultural Anthropology,29(2), pp.203-215. Marsh, M., 2017. Automation: Will the Fourth Industrial Revolution Lead to the Downfall of Human Labor?. Fortunati, L., Esposito, A. and Lugano, G., 2015. Introduction to the special issue Beyond industrial robotics: social robots entering public and domestic spheres. Dogan, M. and Yildirim, P., 2017. Man vs. Machine: When is Automation Inferior to Human Labor?. McAfee, A. and Brynjolfsson, E., 2016. Human Work in the Robotic Future: Policy for the Age of Automation.Foreign Aff.,95, p.139. Stocker, A. and Shaheen, S., 2017, July. Shared automated vehicles: Review of business models. InInternational Transport Forum.

Research Paper on Capital Market Essay Example

Research Paper on Capital Market Essay Capital market is a part of the financial market, where a supply and demand are formed for the medium and long-term loan capital. The capital market has the following functions: First, it brings together small, isolated monetary savings of people, government departments, foreign investors, private sector, and creates great cash funds. Second, it transforms cash into loan capital, which is an essential part of external funding sources for the material production of the national economy. Thirdly, it provides loans to the government and public sector to resolve such important problems as the budget deficit, housing financing and so on. Credit market makes possible the movement, accumulation, distribution, and redistribution of loan capital between the sectors of the economy. Credit market is a mechanism, which establishes the relationship between businesses and citizens in need of funds and organizations and citizens that can give (lend) it under certain conditions. At the same time, credit markets are a synthesis of the different market tools of payment. In countries with developed economy, credit agreement are mediated, firstly, by credit institutions (comme rcial banks or other financial institutions) who borrow and provide loans and, secondly, by investment or similar organizations that provide production and movement of various debt commitments are implemented in a special equity market. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Capital Market specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Capital Market specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Capital Market specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The capital market functioning allows businesses to solve problems both of investment resources for the implementation of real investment projects and effective financial investment (making long-term investments). Financial assets, traded in the capital market, are generally less liquid, and are typically characterized as having the highest level of financial risk and therefore a higher yield. It should be noted that this traditional division of the financial markets into the money market and capital market is somewhat arbitrary under current conditions of their operation. This convention is determined by the fact that the current financial market conditions and emission technology of many financial instruments provide a relatively quick and easy way to transform some short-term financial assets into long-term and vice versa. Describing certain types of financial markets on both above mentioned features, it should be noted that these types of markets are closely interrelated and operate in the same market space. All kinds of markets that serve different circulations of financial assets (tools and services), are simultaneously a part of both money market and capital market. Free sample research paper topics on capital market are capable to give an understanding of the scientific text writing procedure. When written by experienced and skillful writers they can definitely present interest as an informal guide through the complex issues of research proposals structuring and composing. They will show you how to prepare relevant materials for you investigation, outline your thesis statement, and bring up a conclusion. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research paper on Capital Market topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all research paper details: Enjoy our professional research paper writing service!

Basic French Politeness Vocabulary and Expressions

Basic French Politeness Vocabulary and Expressions After you master your French survival phrases, the very next thing you need to conquer in French is politeness. Do Smile in France You may have heard that it was not OK to smile in France. I dont agree. I am Parisian born and raised, then lived 18 years in the US, then came back to France to raise my daughter among my (also French) husband family. People smile in France. Especially when they interact, ask for something, are trying to make a good impression. In a large city like Paris, smiling to everybody may make you look out of place. Especially if you are a woman and are smiling to each guy that looks at you: they may think you are flirting.   However, that doesnt mean you shouldnt smile, especially when you are talking to someone.   Lots of French students are afraid to speak French, and therefore have a very intense facial expression: its not nice. So try to relax, breathe in, and smile! Tu Versus Vous - The French You There is MUCH to say on this subject which is deeply rooted in French history. But to sum it up. Use tu with one person you are talking to: a child, a close friend, an adult in a very relaxed setting, a family member, anyone who uses tu with you (unless they are much older than you).Use vous with everybody else you are talking to. An adult you are not close to, a colleague, a person much older than you... and with a group of several people (whether you say tu or vous to them individually. The choice between tu and vous also depends on social class (this is very important and the main reason why French people use tu or vous to talk to one person), geographic region, age, and... personal preference!   Now, each time you learn a French expression using you - youll have to learn two forms. The tu one and the vous one. French Politeness Essentials Monsieur - SirMadame - Lady, MadamMademoiselle - Miss, to be used with younger (too young to be married) women When addressing someone, it is much more polite in French to follow with Monsieur, Madame or Mademoiselle. In English, it may be a bit over the top, depending where you come from. Not in France. Oui - Yes.Non - No.Merci - Thank you.Bonjour - hi, hello.Au revoir - Bye.Sil vous plaà ®t - please (using vous)/  Sil te plaà ®t - please (saying tu)Je vous en prie - youre welcome (using vous) / Je ten prie (saying tu)Dà ©solà ©(e) - sorryPardon - sorryComment ? - Excuse me - when you couldnt hear someone.Excusez-moi (for vous) / excuse-moi (for tu) - excuse-me vos souhaits (for vous) / tes souhaits (for tu) - bless you (after someone sneezes) Of course, there is much more to say about French politeness. We  suggest you check out look at the  downloadable audio lesson on French Politeness to master the modern French pronunciation and all the cultural nuances linked to French politeness and greetings.

Marketing report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing report - Essay Example is to serve the telecommunication needs of the customers, it is imperative that a wired headset and a microphone is provided to the customers in the packet with the phone, but a wireless Bluetooth device should also be made available at an affordable price because people prefer to go wireless while they are travelling and so on. Since the Smartphone Shocker also has the JOLT technology built in with it, it should also develop a travel charger, even though the JOLT technology has its own charging up device, people would want to keep their cell phones charged all the time and since while travelling phones are idle, the travel charger would make sure that people are able to charge their phones and keep their batteries powered up so that they never have to miss a call or message due to a dead battery. Another accessory which is very important for cell phone users these days is the data cable which enables them to directly link their personal computers to their phones, though phones can also be connected through Bluetooth technology but a data cable is much more secure than the Bluetooth and enables customers to perform many more functions than the Bluetooth technology does, hence a data cable should also be included with the cell phone in the package. The data cable can also be used to charge the phone through the personal computer, so where sockets are not easily available, customers can just plug their phone into their laptops and charge the phone. Since the Smartphone Shocker has a media player and it can also serve as a music player for its customers, a dock station could also be developed for the consumers, this would enable the customers to connect their phone to the dock station and the dock station would have speakers on which customers can listen to their favorite music while their phone is being charged. To customers it is all about convenience and the availability of options, the more convenient a device is or the more options that they have through

D3 H1N1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

D3 H1N1 - Essay Example Isolating within the embroyonated eggs reduces the possibility of contaminating the virus strain. The now hybrid virus is tested to determine its effectiveness, safety and establish whether it stimulates appropriate antigen response in the body. The entire production process of influenza vaccine takes about six to nine weeks (Gerdil, 2003). New influenza vaccines are produced every year because the virus undergoes constant genetic mutation that changes the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface glycoprotein of the pathogen (Gerdil, 2003). The mutation undermines effectiveness of the influenza vaccines. When a healthy person is vaccinated with the influenza vaccine, the body immune system responds by producing relevant antigens to fight and destroy the influenza virus. Therefore, when influenza pandemic occurs, the immune system of the vaccinated persons is capable of fighting the infection easily. Though the vaccinated individuals could become infected, the symptoms and the effect s of influenza are less severe compared to individuals who are not vaccinated. This limits transmission of the highly virulent influenza virus to other persons who are exposed to the infected person. Influenza is an airborne disease that is mainly transmitted when a person inhales droplets that are released when an infected person coughs or/and sneezes (Carrat, et al, 2008). Vaccinating people helps in preventing the spread of diseases and reduces the severity of ailments in the community. Failure to vaccinate people against influenza and other diseases could cause outbreaks that affect economy, social interactions and the environment negatively. When people are infected with a particular disease, the productivity of the country is lowered because of lengthy bed rests, incapacitation and deaths, which reduce the number of people capable of working. Disease outbreaks undermine social activities such as sports, travelling

Libraries, Documentation and Cross Referencing Essay Example for Free

Libraries, Documentation and Cross Referencing Essay One of the requirements for the final report in this course is to find and use information in external sources—either published, unpublished, or both. Of course, you might feel that your project needs no external information—that you already know it all. However, you should be able to identify information that you dont know and that needs to be in the report. For example, imagine you were writing backup procedures for running some sort of high-tech equipment at your workplace. Sure, you may be able to operate the thing in your sleep, but you may not know much about the technical processes or scientific principles behind it. And of course, it could be argued that such discussion is not needed in backup procedures. Background of that sort, however, might indeed be useful. Instructions often benefit by having this kind of background information—it can give readers a fuller sense of why they are doing what they are doing and a way of knowing what to do in case things go wrong. And of course, its important to have some experience using the library and other information sources in a more professional, business-like manner. In freshman writing classes, for example, writers are not challenged to push the librarys resources for all its worth—which is normally what typically happens in a technical writing project. Descriptors and Keywords. Another big issue when you begin your library search is finding those words and phrases that enable you to find the books, articles, reports, and encyclopedias that have all that information you need. Sometimes its not so easy! A keyword (also called a descriptor) is a word or phrase under which related information sources are listed. Imagine youre writing a report on the latest theories about the greenhouse effect: youd check book catalogs and periodical indexes for greenhouse effect, hoping to find lists of books or articles under that keyword. But that might not be the right one; things might be listed under the keyword global warming instead. So how do you find the right keywords? Here are some suggestions: Try to find any book or article on your topic—anything! Then explore it for the vocabulary it uses. In particular, check its listings for titles of other books and articles. Youre likely to find words and phrases that are the common keywords. Where to stop. If you faithfully go through the following suggestions, youre likely to have a long list of books, article, reports, and other sources—more than you could ever read in one semester. What to do? First of all, dont back away from at least knowing whats out there on your topic. Once you start looking at your list, youll see many things that seem to duplicate each other. If, for example, you have five or six books with roughly the same title, just pick the one that is the most recent and that seems the most complete and thorough. Many other sources will branch out into subtopics you have no interest in. And of course many of the items wont even be available in any nearby library or bookstore. Finding Information Sources Once youve convinced yourself that you need to go after some external information sources (if you havent, get in touch with your instructor) and have found some pretty reliable keywords to use, its time to start the search. Where to start though? The logical starting point is whichever information source you think is likely to have the best stuff. For hot, late-breaking topics, articles and proceedings (talks given at conferences that are published) may be the best bet. For stable topics that have been around awhile, books and encyclopedias may be better. However, if youre not sure, you may want to systematically check a number of the common types of information sources. Internet Resources Its increasingly possible to do much if not all your information gathering on the Internet and particularly through the World Wide Web. Books One good starting place for your information search is books. If you do all these searches, youre likely to end up with a monster list of books. No, you dont have to read every one of them. In fact, you may not be able to lay your hands on most of them. Check the list and try to find a book that seems the most recent and the most definitive. (Check tables of contents and indexes to see which are the most thorough, complete, and authoritative.) And, no, you dont have to read all of it either—just the parts that relate directly to your topic. As soon as you can, try to get your hands on as many of these books as you can. Check their bibliographies (list of books, articles, and other information sources consulted) at the end of the book, at the ends of chapters, and in footnotes. These will be good leads to other books that your other searches may not have found. Also, while youre in the stacks, check the books nearby the ones you have on your list; you may see other ones that could prove useful. Magazine and Journal Articles. While books give you fairly stable information and often at a higher level of generality, magazines, journals, and newspapers often give you much more specific, up-to-date information. There are two ways to approach finding journal articles: through general indexes and through specialized indexes. Here are some strategies for finding articles: Check several general indexes for your topic. These indexes cover a broad range of magazines and journals—they are more popular and are for general audiences and therefore cant be relied on specialized, technical material. Still, they are a great place to start, and if you are not being very technically ambitious with your report, they may supply you with all you need. At ACC, the general indexes include Readers Guide to Periodical Literature. Try finding your topic in the most recent volume of each of these (unless you have a topic that was hot several years ago, in which case youd want to check the index volumes for those years). Try to find a good specialized index for the field that is related to your topic. As with books, you wont be able to read all of the articles you find, nor will you even be able to get access to them (or at least right away). Try finding and reading the abstracts of the article on your list; this is a good way to get a brief picture of what the article contains and whether it will be useful to you. Just try to find the articles that relate directly to your topic, and read them selectively when you get them. Encyclopedias Another good source of introductory information is encyclopedias. You can use these either to get yourself up to speed to read and understand the more technical information you come across, or you can use the encyclopedia information itself in your report (in which youll need to document it, as discussed later in this appendix). Check for your topic in a general encyclopedia, using all the various keywords related to that topic you can think of. As with periodical indexes, encyclopedias are available in general and specialized varieties. Youre familiar with the general encyclopedias such as World Book Encyclopedia and the Britannica. And of course a number of encyclopedias are now available online in CD-ROM format (however, the content of most of these seems rather slight compared to the printed versions). These are great for starters, and in some cases they may provide all the information you need in your report. Also, check any bibliography—lists of related books, articles, and reports—that may be listed at the end of individual articles. Also try to find an appropriate specialized or technical encyclopedia in which to search for your topic. You may need more technical detail, or your topic may be a tough one not covered very well in general information sources-in which case you may want to consult specialized encyclopedias. Even in this group, there are general ones that cover a broad range of scientific and technical fields. Reference books—handbooks, guides, atlases, dictionaries, yearbooks. Another source of information reports is all those reference books out there. Every field has its handbooks (repositories of relatively stable, basic information in the field), guides (information on literature in the field, associations, legalities, and so on), atlases (more than just maps, great repositories of statistical data), dictionaries and encyclopedias, and finally yearbooks (articles, data, and summaries of the years activity in a given field). You look for them in the catalogs: when you look up your topic, youll find entries for these sorts of reference books as well as for the books mentioned earlier in this appendix. DOCUMENTATION When you write a technical report, you can and should borrow information like crazy—to make it legal, all you have to do is document it. If your report makes you sound like a rocket scientist but theres not a single source citation in it and you havent even taken college physics yet, people are going to start wondering. However, if you take that same report and load it up properly with source citations (those little indicators that show that you are borrowing information and from whom), everybody is all the more impressed—plus theyre not secretly thinking youre a shady character. A documented report (one that has source indicators in it) says to readers that youve done your homework, that youre up on this field, that you approach these things professionally—that you are no slouch. Number System of Documentation In the number system, you list your information sources alphabetically, number them, and put the list at the back of your report. Then in the body of your report, whenever you borrow information from one of those sources, you put the source number and, optionally, the page number in brackets at that point in the text where the borrowed information occurs. What to Document This question always comes up: how do I decide when to document information—when, for example, I forgot where I learned it from, or when it really seems like common knowledge? There is no neat, clean answer. You may have heard it said that anything in an encyclopedia or in an introductory textbook is common knowledge and need not be documented. However, if you grabbed it from a source like that just recently—it really isnt common knowledge for you, at least not yet. Document it! If you just flat cant remember how you came by the information, then it has safely become common knowledge for you. One other question that is often asked: do I document information I find in product brochures or that I get in conversations with knowledgeable people? Yes, most certainly. You document any information, regardless whether it is in print, in electronic bits, magnetic spots, or in thin air. How to Place the Source Indicators Its a bit tricky deciding exactly where to place the source indicators—at the beginning of the passage containing the borrowed information, at the end? If it makes sense to attribute the source (cite the name of the author or the title of the information), you can put the attribution at the beginning and the bracketed source indicator at the end (as is shown in in the following). Number documentation system: the code numbers in the text of the report are keyed to the references page. For example, [6:5] in the middle of the page from the body of the report indicates that the information came from source 6 (in References), page 5. Notice the attribution of the quotation marks the beginning of the borrowed information and the bracketed source indicator marks the end. Setting Up the Sources List A bit more challenging is setting up the list of information sources—that numbered, alphabetized list you put at the end of the document. The best thing to do is use examples. The following illustrations show you how to handle books, government reports, article from magazines and journals, encyclopedia articles, and personal interviews. Internet and Web information sources Books For books, put the name of the author (first name last) first, followed by a period, followed by the title of the book (in italics if you have; otherwise, underline), followed by a period, followed by the city of the publisher, followed by a colon, followed by the publishers name (but delete all those tacky Inc., Co., and Ltd. things), followed by the year of publication, ending with a period. In this style, you dont indicate pages. Example: book entry Magazine and journal articles Start with the authors name first (last name first), followed by a period, then the title of the article in quotation marks and ending with a period, followed by the name of the magazine or journal (in italics if you have it; otherwise, underline), followed by a period, followed by the date of issue of the magazine the article occurs in, followed by the beginning and ending page. If the article spread out across the magazine, you can write 33+. or 33(5). The latter style seems to be taking hold; in it, you estimate how many pages the article would be if it were continuous. If there is no author, start with the article or book title. If there are two authors, add and and the second authors name, first name first. If there are too many authors, use the first one (last name first), followed by et al., which means and others. [pic] Example: magazine entry Encyclopedia articles Encyclopedia articles are easy! Start with the title of the article in quotation marks ending with a period, followed by the name of the encyclopedia (in italics if you have it; otherwise, underline), followed by the period, then the year of the edition of the encyclopedia. [pic] Example: encyclopedia entry Reports. With reports, youre likely to dealing with government reports or local informally produced reports. With most reports, you may not have an individual author name; in such cases, you use the group name as the author. For government reports, the publisher is often the Government Printing Office; and the city of publication, Washington, D.C. Also, for government documents, you should include the document number, as is shown in the following example. [pic] Example: entry for a report Personal interviews, correspondence, and other nonprint sources. With these sources, you treat the interviewee or letter writer as the author, follow that name with the persons title, followed by a period, then the company name, followed by a period, then the city and state, followed by a period, then what the information was (Personal interview or Personal correspondence) followed by a period, ending with the date. [pic] Example: entry for unpublished information Product brochures. For these kinds of information sources, treat the company name as the author, followed by a period, use something identifying like the product name (including the specific model number), followed by anything that seems like the title of the brochure, followed by a period, ending with a date if you can find one (otherwise, put N.d.). [pic] Example: entry for a product brochure CROSS REFERENCING Technical reports and instructions often require cross-references—those pointers to other place in the same document or to other information sources where related information can be found. Cross-references can help readers in a number of different ways. It can point them toward more basic information if, for example, they have entered into a report over their heads. It can point them to more advanced information if, for example, they already know the stuff youre trying to tell them. Also, it can point them to related information. Related information is the hardest area to explain because ultimately everything is related to everything else—there could be no end to the cross-references. Of course, the preceding discussion assumed cross-references within the same document. If there is just too much background to cover in your report, you can cross-reference some external book or article that does provide that background. That way, you are off the hook for having to explain all that stuff! Cross-reference consists of several elements: Name of the source being referenced This can either be the title or a general subject reference. If it is a chapter title or a heading, put it in quotation marks; if it is the name of a book, magazine, report, or reference work, put it in italics or underline. (Individual article titles also go in quotation marks.) Page number Required if it is in the same document; optional if it is to another document. Subject matter of the cross-reference Often, you need to state whats in the cross-referenced material and indicate why the reader should go to the trouble of checking it out. This may necessitate indicating the subject matter of the cross-referenced material or stating explicitly how it is related to the current discussion. These guidelines are shown in the illustration. Notice in that illustration how different the rules are when the cross-reference is internal (that is, to some other part of the same document) compared to when it is external (when it is to information outside of the current document). Examples of cross-references Internal cross-references are cross-references to other areas within your same document; external ones are those to books and documents external to your document.